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Öğe Hybridized model selection with Gifi system for categorical data using the genetic algorithm and information complexity(Elsevier, 2023) Karaman, Engin; Cilan, Cigdem A.; Bozdogan, HamparsumIn the cross-disciplinary fields of social and behavioral sciences, biology, e-commerce, econometrics, medical data mining, and in engineering applications the available data are mostly composed of many categorical, continuous, and mixed data types with both categorical and continuous variables. Modeling such data structures creates many challenges and difficulties in terms of the underlying probability distributional assumptions to model. This paper proposes a novel categorical regression (CATREG) model using optimal scaling technique in Gifi system to resolve the current existing problem by transforming the categorical data to a continuous data and then performing the analysis of the data in the new transformed Gifi space. Such transformation preserves the scaling properties of the original variables without loss of any information and mapping is one-to-one and onto, unlike the kernel mapping in feature space in machine learning. We introduce a hybridized model selection via the information complexity (ICOMP) criterion along with the genetic algorithm (GA) in CATREG model and provide interpretable results. Two real numerical examples are provided to study the effects of the cell phone usage on the sleep patterns of individuals, and a second example is based on building a predictive model of e-commerce for new car market. In both of these numerical examples subset selection of the best predictor variables are determined to build an optimal predictive model. Our results show the efficiency and the versatility of the proposed new approach.Öğe Pathway to energy transition and sustainable environmental development and management: Analysis of hydropower energy policy as part of climate actions(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Yazici, Ayse Meric; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Oztirak, Mesut; Bayram, Vildan; Mei, YuAchievement of sustainable development in both economic and environment performance involves engaging a clear cut climate actions which can be emulated by other countries in forming their climate goal policies. On this note, this study seeks to examine the environmental implication of hydropower energy policy on environment sustainable development and management of the 10 largest hydroelectric energy generating countries. By extension, the study examines the possibility of achieving hitch-free energy transition through hydropower energy sources. A study of the 10 largest hydroelectric energy producing countries is vital in framing policy based solution to environmental problems, and advice on easy way to achieve climate goal. Following the nature of this study and to derive home the objectives of the study, methods such as slope homogeneity and cross-sectional dependence (CSD) tests were applied, followed by the unit root and cointegration tests with the causality and long-run relationship. Findings from the long run relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables are: The findings show that the N-shaped environmental Kuznets cure (EKC) hypothesis is confirmed. Also, the level of hydroelectric power generation increases in these countries, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions level decreases. Again, as the level of financial development increases, CO2 level also increases. However, according to the results from causality tests, there is a one-way causal link from hydroelectric power generation to carbon emissions, and from financial development to carbon emissions. Further, a two-way causal relationship was found between economic growth and CO2. The policy makers will pay strict attention to this development and regulate the influence of financial development to balance the sustainable development between economic growth and environment.Öğe Investigation of photovoltaic-hydrogen power system for a real house in Turkey: Hydrogen blending to natural gas effects on system design(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Ozcelep, Yasin; Bekdas, Gebrail; Apak, SudiIn the study, the effects of hydrogen mixing studies at the rate of 20% to the natural gas system which is an ongoing study in Turkey, on the photovoltaic system (PV) is investi-gated using a real house consumption. Providing the annual electrical energy consumption (1936,83 kWh) and 20% of natural gas consumption (62,4 m(3)) of a real house with hydrogen is included in the study. A PV-hydrogen system is theoretically investigated to provide the energy required for hydrogen production from solar panels. Hydrogen blending effects on PV size, capacity usage, and carbon footprint are analyzed. Thus, the contribution was also made to the green hydrogen works and reduction of the carbon footprint of the house. It was found that the required hydrogen for electricity can be provided 52,5 m(2) solar panel area and 14,28% increase in this area and installed power can provide an amount of hydrogen that need for 20% hydrogen blending to the natural gas system. The overall system capacity usage decreased when the system is used for 20% hydrogen blending to the natural gas system. The carbon footprint of the house was decreased by 67,5%. If the hydrogen has not been blended with 20% natural gas, this ratio would have been 59,2%. (c) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A multivariate analysis of undergraduate business schools' curricula in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Sarıgül, Haşmet; Sengelen, Hakan ErenIn this study, the curricula of undergraduate business schools in Turkey have been examined in terms of course groups, total course numbers and total workload of students. On the examination of the dendogram which is created by using Ward's Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method, it is seen that five clusters emerged at a distance of five units in which all business schools (n = 147) have been linked to a cluster. MANOVA-Pillai's Trace test results reveal that there are significant differences between the clusters in terms of the curricula of course groups. Finally, by applying Post hoc tests, significant differences between the clusters have been analyzed in terms of total course numbers and the student's workload for each course group.Öğe A Chronological Study of the Evolution of the Turkish Accounting Profession from the Ottoman Period to the Present(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2023) Apak, Sudi; Erol, Mikail; Turker, Masum; Ayboga, M. HanifiSynopsisThe research problemThis paper aims to reveal the transformations that the Turkish accounting profession has gone through since 1839 when the modernization efforts of the Ottoman Empire started. At this point, the transformation covers the final period of the Ottoman Empire governed by the sultanate (1299-1923), and the Turkish Republic that adopts a democratic governance style (1923-present). Having a static economic structure, the Ottomans tried to gradually adapt to western style governance and practices, and they decided to quit the Stairs method that used to be a state accounting method in the accounting system (750-1879) and transit to the double-entry bookkeeping method (1879). Within the framework of westernization efforts in the republic period, the accounting systems were based on the double-entry bookkeeping method, and they adopted tax-based accounting approaches previously. They moved toward development, professional organization, and international system integration in the process.MotivationThe study aims to present the changes in the Turkish accounting profession in the last 200 years. The Ottomans had governmental and economic changeovers with the Tanzimat Reform.We deemed it to be a basic need to reveal the influences of demolishing a feudal state and founding a new state on the accounting profession and practices, and the developments of the accounting profession in the republic period. This study examines the period between 1879 and 2022 by dividing it into terms on the basis of significant changes in accountancy and the accounting profession.Target PopulationAccountant historians, finance analysts, shareholders of companies engaging in stock exchange deals, finance managers of companies, independent auditors and shareholders.Adopted MethodologyAccounting historians' documents, score matching analyses for robustness.AnalysesAll documentary analyses are composed to the results in different periods. The development of the accounting profession has been evaluated within economic and political processes. The effect of wars in Turkey and in the world on the accounting profession has been analyzed. The standards required for the merger of the accounting profession with the international practices in Turkish republic period were mentioned. They were analyzed by comparing the international and domestic companies. The international standards are required to evaluate the stock exchange movements of the public companies.FindingsThe trials for Fabrika-i Humayun factory at the Ottomans in the 1840s showed that the economic structure and the accounting systems must be consistent; otherwise, the accounting, which is the decision support system, would not be utilized well enough. At this point, the need to transit to the double-entry bookkeeping and reporting systems compatible with the capital and profit motivated commercial and industrial operations arose, and the Ottomans quit the accounting method (Stairs) that had been used until that time in 1879, and they transited to the double-entry bookkeeping method. In order to overcome the issues that occurred within this transition process, several different organizations and bodies needed to be established, and a new republic devolved from a demolished state was founded. In the republic period, the changes were embraced by the professional stakeholders, and improved significantly in terms of institutionalization by attaining its legal organization (TuRMOB). The profession has come a long way in terms of what had been a profession focused on bookkeeping only, having added reporting, professional organization, international cooperation and integration, adaptation to independent audit issues, and global system.In Memory of M. Hanifi AybogaÖğe A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW AND TEMPORARY PROTECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKEY(Univ Jaen, Serv Publicaciones, 2021) Zenginkuzucu, Dikran M.The Syrian civil war prompted a large number of people to flee their country and seek asylum in other countries, making Turkey a leading host country with around 3.6 million of asylum seekers. Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey are under temporary protection regime. This article examines Turkish temporary protection regime in comparison with international protection standards and human rights law, especially with the UNHCR Guideline and European Union legislation on temporary protection and European Court on Human Rights judgements. In this respect, this article argues that Turkish legislation has met the fundamental requirements of international protection law and standards, however, still needs to be improved in some crucial areas. In this regard, the international protection law and the difference between the status of refugee and temporary protection is explored. Subsequently, declaration of temporary protection in case of a mass-influx, the rights and freedoms covered under temporary protection, non-refoulement principle and termination of temporary protection regime under Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation are discussed and compared with the international standards. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations for the improvement are deduced from this discussion.Öğe A comparative analysis of the first cycle degree programmes in business in Turkey in terms of the number of course units and the student workloads(Univ Deusto, 2022) Sarıgül, Haşmet; Sengelen, Hakan ErenThis comparative study aims to determine the differences between the curricula of the first cycle degree programmes in business in Turkey in terms of the number of course units and the student workloads. In this context, (1) the courses included in the Bologna course information packages of business schools on their web sites have been examined; (2) course units have been gathered together in content-related groups, (3) the numbers of course units in each content- related group have been determined, (4) total student workload of each content- related group has been determined by means of the institutionally allocated ECTS credits, (5) the differences between public and foundation business schools have been tested for each content-related group in terms of total number of course units and total student workload, and (6) the differences between the business schools using Turkish and those using a foreign language as the medium of instruction have been tested for each content-related group in terms of total number of courses and total student workload. The methods used in the research are document review and multivariate analysis. The data of 147 business schools has been used in the study and the outputs of the research reveal that there are significant differences in most of the content-related groups between both the business school groupings described above at points (5) and (6) in terms of the number of course units and student workload.Öğe The Impacts of Dollarization on the Profitability of Turkish State-owned Deposit Banks(Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2023) Sarıgül, HaşmetThis study explores the association between dollarization and profitability in state-owned deposit banks, which play a significant role in the financial system in Turkiye. Quarterly data from Halkbank, Vak & iota;fbank and Ziraat Bank spanning from 2005 to 2021 are used in the research. Three dollarization-related variables -deposit dollarization, balance sheet currency mismatch and foreign currency derivatives -are included jointly in a study for the first time in the literature. Although the directions differ between banks in the short-and long-run, the estimation coefficients obtained by applying Panel ARDL techniques imply that all dollarization-related variables have statistically significant impacts on the profitability of Turkish state-owned deposit banks.Öğe Financial Literacy Gender Gap: A Meta-Analysis(Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2024) Sarıgül, HaşmetSeveral studies around the world identify a gender gap in financial literacy against women regardless of age, education level, and socioeconomic status. Although gender is included as one of the variables in many studies focusing on T & uuml;rkiye, as far as we know, none of them particularly has examined the gender difference. This paper integrates the outputs of these studies in terms of gender and combines them into one measure by conducting meta-analysis techniques. The results reveal a gender gap in financial literacy among women. Financial literacy is essential for women who mostly experience the gender pay gap, face more significant employment interruption challenges and tend to live longer than men. Given those issues, this study highlights implementing inclusive education policies and establishing comprehensive, long-term education programs to improve women's financial literacy.Öğe Comparison of the International Trade and International Business Undergraduate Program Curricula of Turkish and USA Universities(Deomed Publ, Istanbul, 2020) Sarıgül, HaşmetThe aim of this study is to determine whether universities that offer undergraduate programs under different names such as International Trade, International Business, International Business and Management, International Business Management, Global Business, and Global Business Management have a cross-curricular standard, and to what extent they differ or bear similarities. Therefore, the undergraduate program curricula of thirty-six Turkish and twenty-one United States universities were compared by their course names and contents. Applying the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis method, the obtained results were supported by Euclidean proximity matrix and dendrogram. The dendrogram revealed that a single cluster with two universities formed at a distance of one unit while three clusters with multiple universities formed at a distance of five units. The total number of universities in these three clusters were 23. In the ten-unit distance referenced, there were thirty-eight universities in the first duster, three universities in the second, and two universities in the third and fourth clusters, respectively. Seventeen of the United States universities gathered in the same cluster. All of the eight universities that were dissimilar and formed their own clusters within the ten-unit distance were the Turkish universities. The results revealed that there was a higher number of differences in the curricula of the Turkish universities. Considering the Euclidean proximity matrix and dusters, the names of the faculties and departments were found not to be a determinant in the similarity of the curricula.Öğe Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness Nexus: Evidence from Net Energy Importing Middle-Income Countries(Savez Ekonomista Vojvodine, 2024) Sarıgül, Haşmet; Apak, SudiThe study explores both the long- and short -run liaisons between three conceptual dimensions: economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness in 29 net energy importing middle -income economies using annual data from 1990 to 2019. We hereby assess ARDL models which examine the long -run links by integrations in between these three conceptual variables, and additionally Dumitrescu-Hurlin and Granger causality tests for panel and individual country models, respectively. For panel country samples, we reveal bidirectional causality connection between trade openness and economic growth along with unidirectional causalities from economic growth to energy consumption and from energy consumption to trade openness in the short -run. Bidirectional positive feedback relationships stand between economic growth - energy consumption and trade openness - energy consumption in the full sample and the upper middle -middle economies subsample in the long -run. Findings for individual country estimations reveal significant long -run relationships between energy consumption and economic growth in 12, energy consumption and trade openness in 6, and economic growth and trade openness in 9 of the middle -income economies examined.Öğe The Effect of Private Sector FX Indebtedness on Sovereign Risk in Emerging Markets(Economic And Financial Research Assoc - Efad, 2023) Kucukgode, Haydar Anil; Kose, Kamil AhmetIn this study, the spread of default risk on local currency (LC) sovereign bonds serves as the metric for assessing country risk across 17 emerging nations. Despite traditional theoretical views deeming these bonds risk-free or default- free, recent research indicates that they carry a risk premium and are not priced at risk-free interest rates. The intriguing explanation lies in the cost of printing money. When local companies have excessive FC debt funded by LC assets, then printing money to pay LC debt will trigger an inflationary process, eventually ending up with a collapse in the real economy and LC. Thus, we run a panel VAR model, spanning a period between 2010-2020, where LC sovereign default risk, LC public debt, FC public debt, private sector external debt, and external finance need are included in the main model. Results show that public debt in LC and private external debt are found to be positively associated with LC sovereign spread, in line with the literature. However, the observation that the need for one-year external financing relative to gross reserves has a much stronger effect on the country's risk premium than the total effect of private sector external debt and public debt in local or foreign currency represents an original contribution of this study.Öğe Myanmar, International Crimes and International Community: Response of International Community to the Grave Crimes Committed Against Itself(Uluslararasi Iliskiler Konseyi Dernegi, 2021) Zenginkuzucu, Dikran M.This article seeks to understand the capacity of the international community to respond to genocide and crimes against humanity by assessing the accountability mechanism established for such crimes in the case of Myanmar. It carries out a multi-layered analysis of the question of how the international community triggers international mechanisms to address genocide and crimes against humanity. Despite the United Nations Security Council refraining from taking effective action and making decisions that would have applied appropriate measures, this study concludes that the initiatives of the international community, states, and international organizations possess the capacity to trigger international jurisdiction to punish the perpetrators of such grave international crimes and that international judicial institutions bolster the common values and interests of the international community in such cases.Öğe VALUE CHANGES IN NATIONAL CURRENCY IN FOREIGN-DEPENDENT ECONOMIES & TURKEY EXAMPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF CRISES(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2022) Irhan, Haci Bayram; Oran, İbrahim BoraIn this paper, the status of devaluation realized in general economic policies to decrease current account deficit and increase exports in terms of increasing or not decreasing current account deficit is defined and used as the Devaluation Paradox. In this context, in this paper, the effects of devaluation, inflation, unemployment, and current account deficit variables on national currency in foreign-dependent economies have been investigated. For this purpose, changes that took place before and after devaluation have been compared. The change in the value of the Turkish Lira and its relation to inflation in the COVID-19 process have been evaluated with Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI) data. In addition, it has been aimed to reveal the relationship of national currency value with import and outflow of foreign currency. Within the scope of Turkey's example, based on the effects experienced in the COVID-19 process, the changes in the national currency, increases in the general level of prices and transformation in unemployment have been evaluated. As a result, it has been tried to demonstrate the negative effects of foreign dependency on production and consumption, considering it an experience from which lessons should be taken regarding the global economic crisis process resulting from the pandemic. This paper aimed to reach optimal recommendations for determining economic policies, which need to be revised.Öğe AI - ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS IN LOGISTICS INDUSTRY AND SAVINGS CALCULATION(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2021) Oran, İbrahim Bora; Cezayirlioglu, Haluk RecaiIn this study, we present the development of using artificial intelligence and robotic technologies in the logistics sector and differences of the change created by such technologies. We identified the most correct predictions pertaining to the future of logistics by comparing the results of studies with our findings. To analyze this change, the developments observed in the logistics perspective synthesized by doing research through the conceptual approach and literature review model and then, the impacts experienced in the logistics sector identified with findings obtained from the analyses. Within the framework of the conceptual approach; the types of robotic and developments created with the impact of the industrial revolution, changes experienced in transition from industry 4.0 to industry 5.0 in the logistics and technology-provider specification of the industry 5.0 were investigated. The criteria for the analyses are about the numbers of the use and sales value of the service robots used in the logistics sector in the world by the years, differences of the regional use and savings in the labor costs with the impact of robot investments. In this study, environmental data analyzed; CO2 emission reduction amounts and diesel savings in highway, intermodal, emission reduction and diesel savings options in 2014 - 2020, and savings calculation tactic is applied. This study allows unique predictions to be obtain through the analysis of the impacts in different stages of the robotic logistics sector in terms of the ability of the robotic technologies to offer important benefits and propose utilization for the future.Öğe INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PERCEPTION CHANGING WITH GLOBALIZATION & INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES OF TURKEY(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2021) Oran, İbrahim Bora; Azer, Ozlem ArzuThe international economic system was mainly provided over the international organizations after the Second World War International organizations having the purpose of regional, economic, and safety cooperation, notably, United Nations, and whose numbers are gradually increasing have played an important role in the global - policies. The global conversion experienced in the world economy made new cooperation treaties a current issue among the countries. On the other hand changes such as an increase in regional development need to affect the expectations of international cooperation. The aim of this study is to determine what needs to be done to meet expectations. At the same time, it is to identify the changes to be made for the corporate structures of the international organizations that are in the position of the basic mediator of globalization. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed at regionalization movements, one of the important realities of today's world economy, to gain acceleration. It was being made to identify the global re-structuring need expected in regard to international - cooperation. As a result, it has been tried to determine the strategies expected to change especially in the international relations of Turkey.Öğe MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE- CASE OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2023) Yılmaz, Sait; Erturk, Muzaffer; Soydemir, Abdullah; Erciyas, Ahmet; Oran, İbrahim BoraThe Republic of Turkey has an outstanding ability to wage war in both conventional war and hybrid war, where Artificial Intelligence technologies are applied. Accordingly, within the scope of this study, we aimed to put forth the general ongoing efforts to integrate the war capabilities of Artificial Intelligence technologies. Within the context of this conceptual article, we analyzed the attempt to construct the military capability of the Turkish armed forces and the effort to strengthen technological armament through the integration of Artificial Intelligence. We introduced the applications of artificial intelligence, which is the most important technological improvement that Industry 4.0 brought about in the applications carried out in the Turkish military sector. In this conceptual article according to the findings of the theoretical analysis of the factors identified, the Republic of Turkey has obtained successful results on the application of Artificial Intelligence technological improvements in a variety of war areas. The impact of these benefits makes Artificial Intelligence an essential part of modern war technologies in our time.Öğe The strategic autonomy of the European Union. Perspectives, Responsibility, Ambitions and Limits of European Defense(Inst Quebecois Hautes Etudes Int, 2016) Savas, Cem[No abstract available]Öğe THE NECESSITY OF TRANSITION FROM INDUSTRY 4.0 TO INDUSTRY 5.0: SWOT ANALYSIS OF TURKEY?S SCM STRATEGY(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2022) Oran, İbrahim Bora; Ayboga, Mehmet Hanifi; Erol, Mikail; Yildiz, GulferThe purpose of this study is to explain the importance of the benefits provided by the applications of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and robotic technologies in the logistics industry at different stages. In parallel with the developments required to adapt to the global competitive environment in the globalizing world economy, it is aimed to determine the most accurate predictions for the future in creating savings opportunities in logistics processes. It aims to explain the expectations about Supply Chain Management (SCM) strategies that have become obligatory to change due to COVID-19, a global health problem threatening the world today. The analysis is made with Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method. In this analysis, first, an evaluation is made with the approach of developments followed since the first industrial revolution and the necessity of transition from Industry 4.0 (4IR) to Industry 5.0 (5IR). As a result, a SWOT (Strengths - Weaknesses - Opportunities - Threats) analysis of Turkey's SCM performance was made.Öğe THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COVID-19 ON BRICS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH-AFRICAN REPUBLIC(Gaziosmanpasa Univ, 2021) Oran, İbrahim Bora; Yılmaz, Sait; Erol, MikailFourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) have affected the international trade environment and e-commerce activities in the world. This article describes the effect of the restrictions caused by COVID-19 and facilities provided by the Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications within the scope of 4th Industrial Revolution(4IR) in the economy of BRICS member countries and South Africa (SA). A performance evaluation was performed with the non-positivist multi-criteria decision-making techniques. SA performance is analyzed by comparing the data announced by the public and private authorities of BRICS member countries due to the unemployment and e-commerce increase monitored in the global perspective by using a purposeful criterion selection design. The importance of AI and its online use provided not only the stream of the commercial activities but also promoted the sustainability in the operations and contributed to increase the competitive power due to the restrictions increased by the pandemic. While the restriction of the economic activities was increasing its speed due to COVID-19, it accelerated the growth of the e-commerce platforms in the phase of transition to the digital. As the result of the South Africa analysis; since the science, technology, engineering and mathematics, national and international trade relations are an integral part of the modules related with 4IR, South African businesses should pay attention to develop an e-commerce model. Problems like infrastructure insufficiency in access to electronic devices, data and internet brought the difficulties experienced in e-commerce applications into the forefront in the process of COVID-19 restrictions.
