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    A biophilic material in petroleum exploration and production: Iodine
    (Elsevier, 2021) Ozdemir, Adil; Şahinoğlu, Alperen; Jahangir, Muhammed; Temizel, Cenk
    All of the waters of the oil and gas production basins of the world are not saline, but all of them are rich in iodine. Hydrocarbons and iodine-rich waters may be derived from the oil or gas reservoirs in the subsurface to surface by geological events. Surface hydrocarbons seeps, which are direct indicators of a petroleum system in the subsurface may be degraded or volatilizable by atmospheric effects. But iodine is a stable biophilic element and does not volatilize. It is the main reason why iodine is an excellent surface exploration material. Iodine-rich waters provide proving from the surface or near-surface levels of the presence of oil or gas deposits in the subsurface. Iodine-rich waters are rich in mature petroleum hydrocarbons at the same time. Therefore all organic geochemical analyses performed on rock and gas samples can be applied to these hydrocarbons-rich waters. Iodine-rich waters are an especially unique geochemical tool for petroleum exploration in basins/regions, where source rocks are not exposed at surface as outcrops (covered basins) or have been exhausted (depleted). Thus it is a more suitable integrated usage of reservoir-targeted iodine geochemistry (water and soil) and oil in water analysis than the source rock-targeted organic rock and gas geochemistry for oil and gas exploration in active tectonic and geologically complex basins. Also, the integrated method has another significant advantage in the sampling richness for exploration in the basin/regions where a large number of water resources are available. Furthermore, the method identifies the presence of oil and gas deposits from a large number of samples. Through this feature of iodine-rich waters, the chances of discovering commercial hydrocarbon accumulations are increased. By performing iodine analysis on mud samples during drilling, it may be possible to determination whether there is commercial oil or gas in the well. Moreover, the zone(s) perforated in the well and the prediction of the volume of oil produced from it may also be determined. Iodine contents of reservoir waters (petroleum saturation, oil/water ratio) are high in petroliferous basins where source rocks are found containing high organic matter. In this case, the water saturation (water % ratio) of production wells will decrease. Reserves of oilfields increase as the iodine contents of reservoir waters increase. In this chapter, we focused the relationships between iodine and petroleum systems, the usage of iodine hydrogeochemical and pedogeochemical methods in petroleum exploration and production, case studies, and recent advances. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Mature petroleum hydrocarbons contamination in surface and subsurface waters of Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Geochemical evidence for a working petroleum system associated with a possible salt diapir
    (Murat Yakar, 2022) Ozdemir, Adil; Palabiyik, Yildiray; Karataş, Atilla; Şahinoğlu, Alperen
    Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by conducting TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis on the samples taken from natural cold-water resources by making use of the thought that hydrocarbon generation may come into existence from those units in the Ayhan basin. As a consequence of the analyses performed, hydrocarbons have been brought into the open in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to find out the source of hydrocarbons determined in the water resources. The disclosed n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). These mature hydrocarbon-rich waters can be regarded as evidence for the availability of a working hydrocarbon system associated with possible salt diapir identified by using gravity and magnetic data obtained from the investigation area. © Author(s) 2022.
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    Öğe
    Oil and gas exploration in Seferihisar Uplift (Western Turkey) containing an operable-size gold deposit: Geochemical evidence for the presence of a working petroleum system
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Ozdemir, Adil; Karatas, Atilla; Palabiyik, Yildiray; Yasar, Ergul; Şahinoğlu, Alperen
    In recent studies, the links between hydrocarbon accumulations and gold mineralizations have been examined. According to the results obtained from these studies, it has been reported that gold and hydrocarbons are carried and deposited by the same hydrothermal fluids. In the Seferihisar Uplift, the Efemcukuru Gold Operation possesses the largest proven gold reserves of Turkey. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Seferihisar Uplift by conducting total petroleum hydrocarbons analyses on the samples taken from the natural cold-water resources. As a result of the analyses conducted, hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. Organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The n-alkane hydrocarbons found in the water samples are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons, which are the geochemical evidence for a working petroleum system in the study area. Due to the presence of mature hydrocarbon-rich waters, the main structure in a maximum of 765 m depth determined in the study area according to gravity and magnetic data has a significant hydrocarbon potential to become an oil and/or gas reservoir.