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Öğe Change.org: The Problem of Subaltern in Women and Digital Activism in New Media as an Alternative(Istanbul Univ, 2017) Kiraz, Selin; Kestel, SeyraFrom a historical perspective, the concept of subaltern was first introduced by Antonio Gramsci in 1930 in relation to hegemony. However, the present day definition of subaltern includes people who are termed oppressed or the other, and their voices are unheard in society. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's term, the other is another name that makes this issue controversial. Gramsci and Spivak's views on this subject are not only associated with each person but also separated at certain points. According to Spivak, the main problem is that subalterns can-not speak; in other words, their voices cannot be heard. In this context, when we use the concept of subaltern, the biggest issue we are facing is the problems faced by women, which in turn arise from the hegemonic inequality caused by gender. A woman can be identified as a subaltern because of social gender axis and counter-hegemony. New communication technologies have broadened the counter-hegemony areas of subalterns, while also ensuring the digital activism movements. For instance, with the widespread use of new communication technologies, almost everyone is able to use these technologies, and those who can-not physically have a power of opposition to the dominant ideology can create new formations through these channels. This article focuses on the campaigns related to women, which reflect the counter-hegemony efforts of subalterns and the effectiveness of such efforts in terms of digital activism that appears in www.change.org. In this study, women's campaigns, launched in Turkey between January 1, 2016 and May 1, 2017 on change.org, were examined through content analysis and their results were evaluated.Öğe Kadınların Madun Sorunsalı ve Bir Alternatif Olarak Yeni Medyada Dijital Aktivizm: Change.org(2017) Kiraz, Selin; Kestel, SeyraTarihsel süreç içerisinde 'madun' kavramı ilk kez hegemonya ile ilintili olarak Antonio Gramsci tarafından 'subaltern' terimiyle ortaya atılmıştır. Gramsci'nin bu tanımı günümüzde 'ezilen' ya da 'öteki' olarak tabir ettiğimiz, toplumda sesi duyulamayan kişileri kapsamaktadır. Bu konuda güncel tartışmaların önünü açan bir diğer isim; Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak'tır. Madun kavramı; Gramsci ve Spivak tarafından birbiri ile bağlantılı ancak belli noktalarda ayrışan tanımlamaları barındırmıştır. Spivak'a göre asıl sorun; madunun sesinin duyulamıyor olmasından ziyade hiç konuşamamasıdır. Bu bağlamda; madun kavramını değerlendirdiğimizde karşımıza en çok toplumsal cinsiyetin neden olduğu hegemonik eşitsizlikten doğan kadınların sorunları ortaya çıkar. Toplumsal cinsiyet ekseni ve ataerkil hegemonyada madun olarak konumlanan kadınların hegemonya karşısında başkaldırabilmesi için alternatif bir alanın oluşması, madunun konuşması bağlamında önem taşımaktadır. Yeni iletişim teknolojileri madunun hegemonyaya karşı durabileceği alanlarını genişletirken, aktivist hareketlerin de dijitalleşmesini sağlamıştır. Bu makale; www.change.org'ta yer alan kadınlarla ilgili kampanyaları madunun hegemonyaya karşı durabileceği alternatif bir kanal olması bağlamında ele alarak, dijital aktivizm ile ilintili olan etkinliğini araştırmaktadır. Araştırmanın ana amacı; yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte alternatif kanalların ortaya çıkmasının örgütlenme bağlamında ne ölçüde başarı sağladığını saptamaktır. Çalışmada change.org'ta 1 Ocak 2016 ile 1 Mayıs 2017 tarihleri arasında Türkiye'de başlatılmış olan kadınlara yönelik kampanyalar içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenerek sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştirÖğe Rhetorical Activism in Politics: Stability Discourse and Pragmatic Practicality in Times of Crisis(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2019) Tekinalp, Şermin; Kestel, SeyraThis article aims to investigate how successfully the dichotomy between stability and crisis is used as a medium of effective political activism and power in a critical election. The main question of the article is how the parties took advantage of the political climate in their political rhetoric to activate the mental cognitions of the majority at a time when Turkey was struggling with internal and external problems. In the framework of the research question, it is analyzed whether the parties, which were represented in the Turkish Parliament, utilized the dichotomy between stability and crisis in the context of pragmatic practicality or were lost obsessively in the normative, theoretically inductive long term ideals such as democracy, human rights and gender equality. In this context the term ‘rhetorical activism’ is associated to the term ‘pragmatic practicality’. The principal objective of the article is to help increase consciousness of how the political rhetoric of the ruling party AKP (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi/Justice and Development Party) comprising the catchword “stability” contributed to the domination of the mental cognitions of the electorates, and so increased its votes by 10% in five months in November 1, 2015 elections.Öğe Rhetorical Activism in Politics: Stability Discourse and Pragmatic Practicality in Times of Crisis(Istanbul Univ, Fac Communication, 2019) Tekinalp, Sermin; Kestel, SeyraThis article aims to investigate how successfully the dichotomy between stability and crisis is used as a medium of effective political activism and power in a critical election. The main question of the article is how the parties took advantage of the political climate in their political rhetoric to activate the mental cognitions of the majority at a time when Turkey was struggling with internal and external problems. In the framework of the research question, it is analyzed whether the parties, which were represented in the Turkish Parliament, utilized the dichotomy between stability and crisis in the context of pragmatic practicality or were lost obsessively in the normative, theoretically inductive long term ideals such as democracy, human rights and gender equality. In this context the term 'rhetorical activism' is associated to the term 'pragmatic practicality'. The principal objective of the article is to help increase consciousness of how the political rhetoric of the ruling party AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi/Justice and Development Party) comprising the catchword stability contributed to the domination of the mental cognitions of the electorates, and so increased its votes by 10% in five months in November 1, 2015 elections.
