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Öğe 19. Yüzyılda Türkiye''de Osmanlı Bankasında Çift Taraflı Kayıt Yönteminin Gelişimi(Oktay Güvemli Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Vakfı (MUFTAV), 2024) Erol, Mikail; Apak, SudiBu makalenin amacı, çift yanlı kayıt yönteminin Türkiye'de 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ilk uygulanma sürecini incelemek ve söz konusu uygulamanın nasıl tanınıp yaygınlaştığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu makale aynı zamanda çift yanlı kayıt yönteminin devlet tarafından nasıl benimsendiğini ve devlet muhasebesinde o zamana kadar uygulanan merdiven yönteminin yerini nasıl aldığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma Osmanlı Bankası'nın 19. yüzyıla ait muhasebe kayıtları ve mali tabloları incelenerek yapılmış olup, Osmanlı Bankası ile ilgili araştırmaların yanı sıra muhasebe kayıtlarının ve mali tabloların saklandığı İstanbul arşivindeki belgelerden de yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma, Banka'nın kuruluşundan başlayarak, Türkiye'de çift yanlı kayıt yönteminin yaygınlaşmaya başladığı 19. yüzyılın başlarına kadar uzanan zaman dilimini kapsıyor. Bulgular, söz konusu dönemde Osmanlı Bankası'nın bankacılığın modernleşmesine öncülük ettiğini ve Türkiye'de çift yanlı kayıt yönteminin benimsenmesine katkıda bulunduğunu ortaya koyuyor.Öğe A CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW ON THE TURKISH ACCOUNTING PROFESSION (1839-2020)(Oktay Güvemli Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Vakfı (MUFTAV), 2023) Aslan, Muhsin; Apak, Sudi; Erol, Mikail; Ayboğa, HanifiIn the Ottoman Empire, the accounting profession emerged in the form of state accounting. After the Tanzimat in 1839, a significant transformation began with Kanunname-i Ticaret, and substantial developments emerged from 1879 to 1885. First, the double-entry accounting method was adopted, then, the Dersaadet Chamber of Commerce was established for the organization of tradesmen. Hamidiye Commercial School was established to train entrepreneurs and accounting professionals. With the establishment of the Republic, a new era started for the accounting profession. The process was accelerated and developed by making various legal arrangements between 1926-1930. The most important development in this process is the implementation of three tax laws. These were the Income Tax Act of 1926, the Transaction Tax Act of 1927, and the Excise Tax and Duties Act of 1930. By 1930, business-oriented independent accounting professionals emerged in big cities. Between 1930 and 1940, accounting practices focused on tax-based accounting in order to increase tax revenue and prevent its loss, and there were great developments in auditing, training of accountants and business administration. In this period, upon the development of the accounting profession, the state administration entered the struggle for the legal order of the accounting profession and its members for the first time. In order to eliminate the lack of professional organization, the Association of Expert Accountants and Business Organizers was established in Istanbul in 1942. The current name of this association is the Association of Accounting Professionals of Turkey. Eventually, TÜRMOB was established in 1989 with the enactment of the accounting professional law and played an active role in the development and prestige of the profession.Öğe A Chronological Study of the Evolution of the Turkish Accounting Profession from the Ottoman Period to the Present(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2023) Apak, Sudi; Erol, Mikail; Turker, Masum; Ayboga, M. HanifiSynopsisThe research problemThis paper aims to reveal the transformations that the Turkish accounting profession has gone through since 1839 when the modernization efforts of the Ottoman Empire started. At this point, the transformation covers the final period of the Ottoman Empire governed by the sultanate (1299-1923), and the Turkish Republic that adopts a democratic governance style (1923-present). Having a static economic structure, the Ottomans tried to gradually adapt to western style governance and practices, and they decided to quit the Stairs method that used to be a state accounting method in the accounting system (750-1879) and transit to the double-entry bookkeeping method (1879). Within the framework of westernization efforts in the republic period, the accounting systems were based on the double-entry bookkeeping method, and they adopted tax-based accounting approaches previously. They moved toward development, professional organization, and international system integration in the process.MotivationThe study aims to present the changes in the Turkish accounting profession in the last 200 years. The Ottomans had governmental and economic changeovers with the Tanzimat Reform.We deemed it to be a basic need to reveal the influences of demolishing a feudal state and founding a new state on the accounting profession and practices, and the developments of the accounting profession in the republic period. This study examines the period between 1879 and 2022 by dividing it into terms on the basis of significant changes in accountancy and the accounting profession.Target PopulationAccountant historians, finance analysts, shareholders of companies engaging in stock exchange deals, finance managers of companies, independent auditors and shareholders.Adopted MethodologyAccounting historians' documents, score matching analyses for robustness.AnalysesAll documentary analyses are composed to the results in different periods. The development of the accounting profession has been evaluated within economic and political processes. The effect of wars in Turkey and in the world on the accounting profession has been analyzed. The standards required for the merger of the accounting profession with the international practices in Turkish republic period were mentioned. They were analyzed by comparing the international and domestic companies. The international standards are required to evaluate the stock exchange movements of the public companies.FindingsThe trials for Fabrika-i Humayun factory at the Ottomans in the 1840s showed that the economic structure and the accounting systems must be consistent; otherwise, the accounting, which is the decision support system, would not be utilized well enough. At this point, the need to transit to the double-entry bookkeeping and reporting systems compatible with the capital and profit motivated commercial and industrial operations arose, and the Ottomans quit the accounting method (Stairs) that had been used until that time in 1879, and they transited to the double-entry bookkeeping method. In order to overcome the issues that occurred within this transition process, several different organizations and bodies needed to be established, and a new republic devolved from a demolished state was founded. In the republic period, the changes were embraced by the professional stakeholders, and improved significantly in terms of institutionalization by attaining its legal organization (TuRMOB). The profession has come a long way in terms of what had been a profession focused on bookkeeping only, having added reporting, professional organization, international cooperation and integration, adaptation to independent audit issues, and global system.In Memory of M. Hanifi AybogaÖğe A Conceptual Proposal on Blockchain: Distributed Ledger of Corporate Liquidity(2019) Açıkgöz, Ali Faruk; Apak, SudiReferring to the famous analogy which explains blockchain concept as “A wants to transfer money to B”, the study reverses it as “B wants to have trade credit from A” then the paradigm will rather be crediting instead of debiting. To what extent will a supplier allow trade credit upon request is a decision of accounts payable, but the extent to which a third party will offer more trade credit for the first borrower will require a reconsideration of that customer’s liquidity which is restricted by the accumulation of trade credit along with bank credit already held. The usage of trade credit and the level of bank credit are the main liquidity generators in a supply chain. The study reveals the need for a distributed ledger of liquidity based on trade credit by proposing the use blockchain technology to create zones of private distributed ledgers on liquidity. In the future, the suggested zones are expected to cooperate with government agencies and central bank in the challenge for eliminating informal transactions within the economy. Hence, trade credit in the short-term and relative liquidity indicators are presented in order to reveal the potential for an economy by giving evidence with the long-term data available in Turkey. The study depicts a conceptual proposal with the potential implications therein. Along with their blockchain challenge, the proposal in this study will strategically help the commercial banks which could consider investing on such a shared ledger of liquidity in terms of trade credits on firm-level.Öğe A. Hikmet Keyman, One of the Pioneers That Contributed To the Field Of Accounting and Finance in the Republican Period (1905 – 1969)(Oktay Güvemli Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Vakfı (MUFTAV), 2020) Aslan, Muhsin; Apak, Sudi; Erol, MikailResearching the values that contribute to the field in accounting and finance and transferring it to the next generations will be a guide for determining where the area is coming from and where it will go. In this context, A. Hikmet Keyman, who contributed to both accounting and finance in the first quarter of the Republic and who came to the forefront with the identity of publisher, author and practitioner, was researched. Keyman, who is the subject of the study, has placed three books and more than forty articles in his busy working life. He has fulfilled the mission of establishing, maintaining and transmitting a magazine (Banking Idea and Profession Magazine) as a continuous publication in the field. Keyman, who published one of the first accounting books in the Republican period, is one of the rare accounting practitioners in accounting theories.Öğe Adaptive Neural Architecture Search Using Meta-Heuristics: Discovering Fine-Tuned Predictive Models for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Işıkdağ, Ümit; Bekdaş, Gebrail; Aydın, Yaren; Apak, Sudi; Hong, Junhee; Geem, Zong WooThis study aims to contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide and the production of hydrogen through an investigation of the photocatalytic reaction process. Machine learning algorithms can be used to predict the hydrogen yield in the photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction process. Although regression-based approaches provide good results, the accuracy achieved with classification algorithms is not very high. In this context, this study presents a new method, Adaptive Neural Architecture Search (NAS) using metaheuristics, to improve the capacity of ANNs in estimating the hydrogen yield in the photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction process through classification. The NAS process was carried out with a tool named HyperNetExplorer, which was developed with the aim of finding the ANN architecture providing the best prediction accuracy through changing ANN hyperparameters, such as the number of layers, number of neurons in each layer, and the activation functions of each layer. The nature of the NAS process in this study was adaptive, since the process was accomplished through optimization algorithms. The ANNs discovered with HyperNetExplorer demonstrated significantly higher prediction performance than the classical ML algorithms. The results indicated that the NAS helped to achieve better performance in the estimation of the hydrogen yield in the photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction process. © 2024 by the authors.Öğe AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP AND IMMISERIZING GROWTH IN BRICS COUNTRIES(Economic Research Institute of Chung-Ang University, 2023) Apak, Sudi; Sarigül, Haşmet; Çakmak, Tuğba KoyuncuThis study explores the middle-income trap and immiserizing growth with a particular focus on BRICS countries, which are at the center of the global economy due to many economic aspects. The existence of a middle-income trap was investigated by testing the stationarity of the time series of each BRICS country’s per capita income relative to the USA which has a balanced-growth path close to the global technology frontier’s growth rate. The findings indicate that Russia is lying within the middle-income trap. Cointegration analysis and robust regression techniques were performed to explore the immiserizing growth effects of merchandise exports. The findings reveal evidence of immiserizing growth for India and South Africa. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.Öğe Cash vs. net working capital as strategic tools for the long-term relation between bank credits and liquidity: Inequalities in Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Apak, Sudi; Açıkgöz, Ali Faruk; Erbay, Ertugrul Recep; Tuncer, GungorCash and net working capital are among corporate liquidity indicators which are generally compared with the short-term bank credits. The study reveals both the short and the long-term bank credits and their reflections on the cash, working capital and the short-term liabilities of the businesses in the long-run. The bank credits as a financing resource of the real sector (nonfinancial) businesses in Turkey with their effects on cash and net working capital are assessed in order to make comparisons on the total data of the businesses selected from all of the sectors for the case of Turkey in the long-run (1996-2014) in the study. The study endorses the strategic relation between bank credit usage and liquidity levels of the businesses so as to improve timely accessibility and creditability. In the findings, we confirm that cash-cash equivalents and net working capital have impacts on the level of bank credits in the long-term. Finally, the study endorses the strategic relation of bank credit and liquidity by inequalities. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe CLASSIFICATION OF HAZE IN CITY IMAGES WITH CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND TRANSFER LEARNING(Scibulcom Ltd, 2021) Isikdag, U.; Apak, SudiAir quality has an enormous impact on health. To take preventive measures on time, it is important to track and estimate air pollution. In the estimation of air pollution, the data acquisition from images is easy and of low-cost, when compared with sensor-based data acquisition. Machine and Deep Learning methods utilise images and videos from city cameras or social media and provide accurate estimations of air pollution. In this context, the aim of this study was testing the accuracy and efficiency of Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in differentiating between fog and polluted air (smog) in city images through transfer learning. The results demonstrated that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transfer Learning can be used as efficient methods for fog/smog classification.Öğe COST AND CO2 EMISSION-BASED OPTIMISATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS USING JAYA ALGORITHM(Scibulcom Ltd, 2022) Cakiroglu, C.; Islam, K.; Bekdas, G.; Apak, SudiThe environmental impact of producing construction materials is being increasingly analysed in the recent years. This study aims at demonstrating the possibility of reducing the carbon emissions and cost of a structure while at the same keeping the structural performance at a satisfactory level. Optimisation algorithms play a crucial role in this process. In this study a metaheuristic algorithm called the Jaya algorithm was implemented in order to minimise the carbon emission and the cost associated with the production process of concrete and steel. As the indicator of structural performance, the ultimate shear strength was used. Optimum values of reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength and cross-sectional dimensions are obtained at different levels of the ultimate shear strength. The results obtained through the CO2 and cost optimisations are compared. It was demonstrated that for a given value of expected ultimate shear strength the optimum design can make nearly an order of magnitude difference in the cost and carbon emission.Öğe COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS(Scibulcom Ltd, 2022) Kayabekir, Aylin Ece; Bekdas, Gebrail; Nigdeli, Sinan Melih; Apak, SudiIn the construction industry, the aim is to construct low-profit structures that meet the demand of residents and safety measures, and also sustainability and environment-friendly measures need to be ensured in the production. Due to defined regulations in design codes to ensure stress capacity, ductility, and constructive needs, the optimum design problems are highly constrained which makes it a nonlinear one in defining the optimum design variables. In the present study, an optimisation methodology is presented via the use of a metaheuristic method called Harmony Search (HS) for reinforced concrete (RC) column members that having minimised cost and CO2 emission. The investigation is done for single objective cases of cost and CO2 emission together with multi-objective optimisation. According to the results, CO2 emission optimisation highly increases the cost of the design, while multi-objective cases lead to more low-profit results in the reduction of CO2 emission.Öğe COVID 19’UN TÜRK HAVALİMANLARININ VERİMLİLİĞİNE TAHMİNİ ETKİSİ: MALMQUIST TOPLAM FAKTÖR VERİMLİLİK ENDEKSİ UYGULAMASI(2021) Alnıpak, Serdar; Apak, SudiKüresel ekonomi üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olan havalimanları yolcuların ve yüklerin transferlerini, uçakların iniş ve kalkış yapmalarını sağlayan tesislerdir. 2009- 2019 yılları arasında küresel havacılık endüstrisindeki gelir % 5,3 oranında artarak 838 milyar ABD dolarına ulaşmış ve tarifeli yolcu sayısı 4,54 milyarı aşmıştır. Ancak COVID-19 salgınına ve bu tehlikeye karşı alınan önlemler nedeniyle havayolu taşımacılığına olan talep düşmüştür. Bu düşüş hava taşımacılığı endüstrisindeki birçok firmanın etkinliğini ve sürdürülebilirliğini tehdit etmektedir. Bu süreçten havalimanlarının etkinliği büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde oluşan yolcu trafiğinin %95’ini oluşturan 16 ildeki havalimanlarının etkinlik değişimleri Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimlilik (MTFV) endeksi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizde 2020 yılı için gerçek veriler ve tahmini (beklenen) değerler kullanılmıştır. Tahmini değerlerin hesaplanmasına yönelik olarak çalışmaya dahil edilen havalimanlarının 2007-2019 yılları arasındaki istatistikleri doğrultusunda Double Exponential Smoothing yöntemi ile 2020 yılı için yolcu ve uçak trafikleri tahmin edilmiştir. Bulunan tahmini değerler ve 2020 yılında gerçekleşen reel değerler kullanılarak ayrı ayrı MTFV endeksleri (5 yıllık periyot için) hesaplanmış ve aradaki farklar analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre havalimanlarında yıllık %6'lık toplam verimlilik artışı beklenirken, pandemi etkisi ile % 41 oranında düşüş gerçekleştiği gözlemlenmiştir. İller bazında yapılan değerlendirmede etkinlik değişiminde en çok artış göstermesi beklenen Antalya, İzmir, Muğla ve Hatay gibi turistik yolcuların yoğun olduğu illerde pandeminin etkisi ile dramatik düşüşler yaşanmıştır.Öğe Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness Nexus: Evidence from Net Energy Importing Middle-Income Countries(Savez Ekonomista Vojvodine, 2024) Sarıgül, Haşmet; Apak, SudiThe study explores both the long- and short -run liaisons between three conceptual dimensions: economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness in 29 net energy importing middle -income economies using annual data from 1990 to 2019. We hereby assess ARDL models which examine the long -run links by integrations in between these three conceptual variables, and additionally Dumitrescu-Hurlin and Granger causality tests for panel and individual country models, respectively. For panel country samples, we reveal bidirectional causality connection between trade openness and economic growth along with unidirectional causalities from economic growth to energy consumption and from energy consumption to trade openness in the short -run. Bidirectional positive feedback relationships stand between economic growth - energy consumption and trade openness - energy consumption in the full sample and the upper middle -middle economies subsample in the long -run. Findings for individual country estimations reveal significant long -run relationships between energy consumption and economic growth in 12, energy consumption and trade openness in 6, and economic growth and trade openness in 9 of the middle -income economies examined.Öğe ENSURING SAFETY IN AVIATION: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN AIRCRAFT CABIN MAINTENANCE WORKSHOPS(Erciyes Üniversitesi, 2024) Kocamış, Bahattin; Apak, SudiThis study addresses the critical issue of occupational health and safety management in aircraft cabin maintenance workshops within the aviation sector. Based on observations conducted in an EASA, FAA, and SHGM-approved facility, the study extensively examines the health and safety practices of a workshop providing various services. The workshop, holding ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certifications, places significant emphasis on environmental sustainability and employee well-being. Adopting a meticulous approach to occupational health and safety, the workshop records discrepancies through surveillance logs and ensures a secure working environment with emergency action plans. Various safety measures are implemented to address chemical, ergonomic, physical, and mechanical hazards. Additionally, signs and labels are effectively used to raise employee awareness and prompt necessary precautions. These measures, geared towards preventing workplace accidents and preserving employee health, make a significant contribution to the sustainability of a safe working environment in aircraft cabin maintenance workshops.Öğe ESTIMATION OF OCCUPANCY STATUS AND LEVELS FOR INDOOR SPACES(Scibulcom Ltd, 2020) Isikdag, U.; Apak, SudiBuilding energy use today accounts for over 40% of total primary energy consumption. The energy demand for buildings can be decreased through efficient building and facility management. The knowledge related to the use of indoor spaces is a key to successful management. The research aimed to investigate whether the occupancy levels of an indoor space can automatically be determined via machine learning algorithms based on data acquired from multiple indoor sensors. The study involved indoor data collection and a machine learning experiment. The results indicated that machine learning can be considered as a promising approach for the detection of indoor occupancy status and levels.Öğe Evidence for the Reliance of Equities on Liquidity and Bank Credit in the Agriculture Sector in Turkey(2019) Açıkgöz, Ali Faruk; Demırkol, Celal; Apak, SudiThe study aims to determine the potential of a long-run relation among liquidity indicators and equities in theagriculture sector along with the usage of bank credit. The study runs general linear regressions for which itshares the results and it adds up a set of supplementary analysis on stability diagnostics including leverageplots and recursive estimation. The significant findings reveal that the level of equities in the agriculturesector is a function of bank credit used at a level which could also be predicted by the first two famousliquidity indicators namely current ratio and acid-test ratio. Therefore, any incentive easing the access to bankcredit finance for the firms of agriculture sector would better be substituted with other encouragements whichwill rather promote the accumulation of equities so as to attain a sustainable finance with healthy liquid assetsand the limited bank credit contribution.Öğe Investigation of photovoltaic-hydrogen power system for a real house in Turkey: Hydrogen blending to natural gas effects on system design(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Ozcelep, Yasin; Bekdas, Gebrail; Apak, SudiIn the study, the effects of hydrogen mixing studies at the rate of 20% to the natural gas system which is an ongoing study in Turkey, on the photovoltaic system (PV) is investi-gated using a real house consumption. Providing the annual electrical energy consumption (1936,83 kWh) and 20% of natural gas consumption (62,4 m(3)) of a real house with hydrogen is included in the study. A PV-hydrogen system is theoretically investigated to provide the energy required for hydrogen production from solar panels. Hydrogen blending effects on PV size, capacity usage, and carbon footprint are analyzed. Thus, the contribution was also made to the green hydrogen works and reduction of the carbon footprint of the house. It was found that the required hydrogen for electricity can be provided 52,5 m(2) solar panel area and 14,28% increase in this area and installed power can provide an amount of hydrogen that need for 20% hydrogen blending to the natural gas system. The overall system capacity usage decreased when the system is used for 20% hydrogen blending to the natural gas system. The carbon footprint of the house was decreased by 67,5%. If the hydrogen has not been blended with 20% natural gas, this ratio would have been 59,2%. (c) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Meeting the electricity demand for the heating of greenhouses with hydrogen: Solar photovoltaic-hydrogen-heat pump system application in Turkey(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Ozcelep, Yasin; Bekdas, Gebrail; Apak, SudiProviding the heating system with coal in greenhouses causes harmful results in terms of carbon emissions. In this study, analyzes were performed to meet the electrical energy required for the heating system with a heat pump from a solar photovoltaic-hydrogen system. For floor area 25000 m2 where greenhouses the required energy is obtained directly from hydrogen without using a heat pump 3000 m2 solar panel area required. The use of a heat pump reduces energy needs but it is also not feasible for large greenhouses. For convenience, a solar photovoltaic-hydrogen-heat pump system analysis was also made for 1000 m2 floor area greenhouses and it is found that the 24 m2 solar panel area is adequate in terms of meeting energy demand. Using a solar-hydrogen-heat pump system reduces carbon emissions by 86.5 tons per 1000 m2 floor area greenhouse. Considering the hydrogen storage system becomes unfeasible. We normalized the greenhouse floor area to 1 m2 and proposed reference values for hydrogen to be produced in 1 h, storage, and PV area. In addition, an analysis was made for the use of hydrogen energy for greenhouses that do not require a heating system and only work with a water pump. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Modelling of consignment process by using axiomatic design(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Yilmaz, Gamzegul; Birgun, Semra; Apak, SudiEffective supply chain planning increases both competitiveness and profitability of companies. The present study redesigns consignment order management for a medical company by using axiomatic design principles. The proposed design enables a newly-hired employee to manage the structure from pickup to delivery between the supplier and the customer and effectively complete the process without any difficulty. The role of training in this process is very important. However, the study results also reveal the need for certain other activities for the development of strategic coherence and strategic planning in supply chain management. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe MUCILAGE IN THE MARMARA SEA VERSUS BLACK SEA's H2S; HYDROGEN ENERGY PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES(International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022) Atay, Erhan; Apak, SudiHydrogen energy is among alternative solutions to energy shortage regarding the aspects of being environmentally clean, economic and efficient. In this context, Turkey's energy demand, which cannot be met by our country and will not be able to be met by local resources in the 2020s. Therefore, Turkey should turn to renewable energy sources as soon as possible, especially hydrogen energy to be obtained from the Black Sea, as well as a new type of energy that can be obtained by turning the mucilage crisis in the Sea of Marmara into an opportunity. In addition, the conversion of these organic wastes in the Marmara Sea into hydrogen energy as a renewable energy source will be an innovative and high added value solution method. Our aim in this study is to bring up the hydrogen energy potential in the Black Sea and Marmara Sea's mucilage crises to investigate the contribution of hydrogen energy to our economy by eliminating the energy deficit. © 2022 Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2. All rights reserved.
