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    AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP AND IMMISERIZING GROWTH IN BRICS COUNTRIES
    (Economic Research Institute of Chung-Ang University, 2023) Apak, Sudi; Sarigül, Haşmet; Çakmak, Tuğba Koyuncu
    This study explores the middle-income trap and immiserizing growth with a particular focus on BRICS countries, which are at the center of the global economy due to many economic aspects. The existence of a middle-income trap was investigated by testing the stationarity of the time series of each BRICS country’s per capita income relative to the USA which has a balanced-growth path close to the global technology frontier’s growth rate. The findings indicate that Russia is lying within the middle-income trap. Cointegration analysis and robust regression techniques were performed to explore the immiserizing growth effects of merchandise exports. The findings reveal evidence of immiserizing growth for India and South Africa. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
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    Green industrial policies and sustainable economy approaches ensuring industrial growth and environmental balance
    (IGI Global, 2024) Çakmak, Tuğba Koyuncu
    The aim of this chapter is to analyses the effects of industrial growth on environmental degradation in terms of green industrial policies. The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has been explained from two different perspectives. The first approach points to the existence of a potential duality between economic growth and environmental protection and the existence of a trade-off relationship in terms of achieving economic growth or reducing environmental pollution. The second approach claims that the negative impact of economic growth on environmental pollution can be corrected by green industrial policies. Numerous empirical studies and country-level data in the literature suggest that economic growth also stimulates the development of sustainable technologies and innovations that can enhance environmental protection. Recent evidence, especially from developed countries, shows that there is a decoupling between environmental pollution and economic growth, and, thanks to green industry policy measures, between economic growth and emissions. This draws attention to the fact that while economic growth increases thanks to green policy measures, environmental pollution decreases at the same time. Therefore, it is pointed out that it is possible to reduce carbon emissions without compromising economic growth. Therefore, it is very important for policy makers and decision makers to support green industrial policies in the fight against climate change and global warming. © 2025, IGI Global. All rights reserved.